Imagination Tutoring

Creative Tutoring for Elementary Aged Children

How do kids learn?

Here is the million dollar question: How do kids learn?

For that matter, how do any of us learn?  I have been thinking about that a lot recently, as I did a presentation for a moms group in Denver on this very subject.  Many brilliant people have been trying to answer this question for hundreds of years, and their philosophies and theories have shaped the way teachers do their jobs.

Here, in a nifty acronym, are the most important ways I’ve found that kids learn.

They learn by:

Learning at a manageable level

Imitating good examples

Multi-modal experiences of material

Background knowledge connections

Engaging in meaningful learning experiences

Repetition

 

Each of these concepts contribute to children having limber minds – minds that are agile and able to conquer any new learning experience.  And each concept can be mastered by anyone who wants to help children learn – with a little patience and a willingness to try something new.  In the next few weeks, I will be developing each of these concepts further, so be ready to stretch your own mind and gain some invaluable tools for helping your children succeed – not only in school, but also in life.

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The transformative power of games

Have you ever tried to get your child to complete a homework assignment, only to have him resist you with every ounce of energy he could muster?

How about trying to get him to play a game?  Have you ever met with such resistance when inviting him to play on his Wii, shoot hoops, or play 20 questions?  Probably not.  That’s why whenever you want to teach your child something, you should try and turn it into a game.

Case in point: I recently began tutoring a little boy who will be entering the first grade in the fall. The first time I asked him to read a word, he glanced at the first letter, then looked away and guessed.  The word was “hat” and he said “horse.”  He refused to look at the actual letters in the words, literally turning away when I tried to show him how to point and make sounds for each letter.  The next time we met, I brought word cards and told him we would play a game.  The goal of the game was to get the most cards.  ”You can read it, you can keep it,” I told him.  ”If not, I get to keep it.” I was less than shocked when he took time with each word, pointing at each letter, making the sound, and then blending them together.

Games work for lots of things.  Reading Hebrew, for example.  Last year, I was subbing in a Hebrew school, and there was a time in most classes when the students would go around the room and read different words in the text book.  Instead of just having them read it, I introduced a game called “baseball,” in which they could choose how many words to read and then hit singles, doubles, triples, or score home runs if they read them correctly.  Suddenly, students who were goofing off and doing everything in their power to avoid reading were focusing on the book and trying to score for their team.

Memorizing math facts is another skill that can easily be morphed into different games.  Instead of just going over facts, tell your kids that if they can tell you the answer first, they get points, but if you say it first, you get points.  Whoever gets the most points gets to choose what to eat for dinner, or gets an extra 15 minutes of TV time – whatever you want. Watch how quickly your kids move from resentment to excitement when you try this.

Games even work for doing things like cleaning up a room.  Try telling a room full of 3rd graders to clean up a mess on the floor.  You can bet that most of them will balk at the task while one or two dutiful souls do all the work.  But say something like, “Let’s see who can pick up the most pieces of trash!” and you will have kids crawling all over the floor, picking up everything in sight.

Why are games so interesting while doing schoolwork on its own can seem boring?  In games, you have a clearly defined goal – to win – and you can tell if you have met your goal or not.  School assignments also have goals, but frequently, they are hard for kids to determine, or don’t seem important to a 6-11 year old.  Of course, knowing how to infer the meaning of a word in a book is infinitely more useful than beating someone else at a game – but tell a kid that, and he’ll roll his eyes at you.

Games make learning fun, and when kids have fun, they are happier and more motivated.  So the next time you are struggling to get your child to do something, make it into a game, sit back, and watch an attitudinal transformation take place.

In the meantime, check out Fun Brain, Knowledge Adventure, and PBS Kids for some great educational games!

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What Can We Learn From Beach Court Elementary?

Many of you have probably heard about the scandal at Beach Court Elementary.  If not, I’ll summarize: A Denver school that was lauded for years for their high test scores was recently investigated for changing test answers.  Their principal, Frank Roti, has been dismissed and asked to pay back the more than $32,000 in bonuses he received for these erroneously high test scores.

Many people are outraged that Roti would do such a thing.  As an educator, isn’t he supposed to uphold the truth, to care more about his students’ learning than about their test scores?

The answer, in this educational climate, is unfortunately a resounding “no”.

As a third grade teacher for 3 years, I dreaded the CSAP.  I would walk around my students’ desks, looking over their shoulders and groaning internally when I saw wrong answers.  No matter what type of class I was given at the beginning of the year – whether they were mostly on grade level, or more typically, most far below, my worth as an educator was determined not by the amount of growth they’d made, not by the joy of learning I imparted, but rather, by a test, given one day a year. I strove to be creative, to help my kids love learning, and I knew that my value in their eyes rested on my ability to see them and help them grow.  However, the people in control of my paycheck didn’t care about the joy in my classroom.  All they cared about was the bottom line – the tests.

As a moral human being, I never even considered changing test scores.  Besides, I really cared about seeing my students’ actual scores on the test. But I can see why a principal – removed from the daily learning in the classroom – would make the choice to do so.  I am not saying that Roti was right – his actions were morally reprehensible and did a great disservice to his staff, his students, and their parents – not to mention all of the low-income DPS schools that were compared unfavorably to Beach Court year after year.  But this isn’t the first – or the last – time educators have cheated on these tests.  Isn’t it time to call the whole system into question, and to develop a new, more authentic way of judging whether schools and teachers are succeeding?

If testing wasn’t so valued, if our worth as educators wasn’t tied to it, if the painful intensity surrounding high-stakes testing was removed, this principal wouldn’t have thought he needed to spend so much time fudging results.  The fact that Beach Court’s “success” could be so easily fabricated indicates that the “success” shown by testing is a flimsy one.  Despite that flimsiness, it’s all we currently have to rate schools.  What if teachers and principals were celebrated not only for test scores, but for helping their kids become joyful, lifelong learners?  What if teachers weren’t encouraged to teach to the test but rather, to teach to their students as unique individuals?

What can we learn from Beach Court Elementary?  Teachers can learn to continue valuing students’ daily growth in class, their heightened love of learning, and their unique strengths and struggles, more than a once a year test score. Parents can learn to spend more time talking to their kids about school to get a sense of what they are truly learning, instead of relying on report cards or test scores.  And, hopefully, one day, politicians will learn that the current emphasis on high-stakes testing isn’t doing anyone any favors, and move to a more holistic, student-focused way of evaluating schools.

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Why Math is Nothing to Be Afraid Of

When I was in my teacher training program, so many of my fellow teachers said they hated math growing up.  Many adults still fear math.  It feels like something foreign, a different language only teachers and mathematicians can understand.

I personally love math.  Why?   Math is about finding connections, discerning patterns. When kids tell me they aren’t good at math, I tell them they aren’t looking at it in the right way, because kids are natural problem solvers, and therefore, mathematicians. Kids do math everyday, in natural, authentic ways.  They estimate which donut has more sprinkles and choose that one from the case, keep score in games, count the stars in the night sky.

Why, when attempted in a school context, does math seem so scary?  I think it’s because many teachers divorce math from its authentic contexts.  They are pushed to cover so much material so quickly that they don’t have time to teach each child at his or her pace.  Many kids need to see math problems in their physical forms before they are ready to move on to equations.  This can take a long time. But teachers don’t have a lot of time.  They need to cover a myriad of material each week.  If some – or most – kids get left behind, at least all of them have been exposed to the concepts.

That is why parents should get over their fear of math and help their kids see math everywhere.  Estimation in school is an extremely tough concept to grasp, but if you encourage your kids to estimate everything, from the number of steps from one end of your house to the other, to the number of cheerios in a bowl, they will begin to feel comfortable estimating.  What about division?  Parents are always splitting things up equally between members of the family.  When doing so, be explicit – show your kids your thought process. Have your child hold a grapefruit in one hand and an apple in the other to demonstrate relative weights. Make graphs of your family members’ ages, heights, and anything else you can think of.

Begin to see the world as a mathematical playground, and your kids will, too.

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5 Fun Summer Outings to Transform into Learning Opportunities

1.The zoo

Kids love animals, and they love the zoo.  Why not make your zoo trip into an educational experience as well?  Talk to your kids ahead of time about the animals they might see.  Check out books from the library and read them at home before you go.  Have your child generate a list of questions about a particular animal, and then see if the questions are answered in the informational plaques at the zoo.  Bring a notebook and find a place to sit down to compose a poem or story about the animals.  Count the animals in different sections of the zoo and create graphs or word problems based on what you find.  The opportunities for learning at the zoo are endless.

2. The amusement park

Have your child research the history of your local amusement park. Look up the prices ahead of time and ask him or her to calculate the amount it will cost for the whole family to enter.  When you are at the amusement park, keep track of the different types of rides to create a graph later on.  Take photos and use them for writing inspiration at home.  Kids love to write about amusement parks, so while you are there, talk about what you notice and encourage your child to think about the sounds, smells, and experiences in the amusement park. Make a photo book at home and read it with your child.

3. The library

This may seem like an obvious one, but you can actually capitalize on your library trip to improve your child’s reading, writing, and math skills in unique ways.  Practice choosing just-right books, by making child that your child is interested in the books and struggles with no less than 2 words per page and no more than 5 words per page.  Talk about topics your child wants to explore and check out books on those topics.  Encourage your child to write an ebook or create a book about the topics.  Make learning fun!  Math is everywhere, including the library.  See if your child can estimate the number of books per shelf.  When you get your receipt, have him or her calculate the number of weeks before your book is due.

4. The park

When you go to the park, look around.  Notice all of the growth and wildlife.  Talk to your children about life cycles.  Visit the park frequently and discuss the differences you see each time.  Keep track of the different types of animals you find.  Bring a notebook and write stories and poems under the shade of a tree.  Time your kids sliding down slides, making a complete arc on the swings, and running across fields.  Talk to them about the number of seconds in a minute and how long different actions take.  Ask them to estimate times and see how accurate they can be.

 5. Farmers markets

In Denver, there are tons of farmers markets throughout the summer. Use them as opportunities to talk about healthy eating.  Have your child choose the fruits and veggies, estimate the weights and calculate the costs. When you get home, look up healthy recipes and read them with your child.  Create tasty, nutritious dishes together.  If you don’t use a recipe, have your child write down the steps you used to create your food.  Write a homemade recipe book.  Then make copies to sell to friends and neighbors.  Your child can count the money and either calculate how much he or she needs to purchase a wanted item, or donate it to a worthy cause.

 

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4 great reading and writing iPad apps

1. All of the Dr. Suess apps ($1.99-$8.99)

The Dr. Suess books have been masterfully redesigned for the iPad.  The narration is engaging and interesting, and the app zooms in and out of illustrations, creating a thoroughly engaging reading experience.   There are options for the books to be read aloud to your child, or she can read them on her own, tapping individual words for reading help.  Children of all ages and reading abilities are captivated by these amazing ebooks.  My personal favorites are Green Eggs and Ham ($3.99), The Lorax ($4.99), and How the Grinch Stole Christmas ($4.99).

2. Toy Story (FREE!)

This app, in which an engaging narrator tells the story of Toy Story 1, engages children of all ages in reading.  It includes games, a sing-along, and coloring activities in addition to the story.  I have seen students read this book again and again. And the best part of all – it’s totally free!

3. Phonics Genius (FREE!)

This free app includes stacks of cards for hundreds of different letter blends.  Your child can go through them and practice reading letter patterns.  You can set it to read the words automatically, or have your child practice first and then have the words read to him.  Then you can create your own cards based on the examples in the app, and practice phonics in a myriad of new ways.  This is a great way to learn phonics and spelling!

4. Book Creator ($4.99)

With this app, your child (or you) can create new ebooks on any topic.  Choose a topic to research, read about it with Safari (or check out books from the library) and then have your child create his or her very own ebook about the topic.  You can customize the page and font colors, and findphotos from your iPad photo library to include in your book.  This is a fun way to do research, write, and read!

 

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5 Common Mistakes Parents Make When Reading With Their Kids

 

First of all, if you are reading with your kids, you are already avoiding a huge mistake, which is expecting them to only read on their own.  So, bravo!

 

If you are taking the time to read with your kids, however, avoiding these mistakes will help them become better readers more quickly:

1. Telling your kids the words

It is so easy, when your child reads a word wrong, to just tell her the word so that you can continue with the story.  However, doing this will ensure that the next time she stumbles on a tough word, she won’t try to figure it out, because she’ll know that you will do it for her. Instead of telling her the word, then, prompt her to use different strategies to problem-solve it.  Ask her what would make sense.  Can she “chunk” the word, or split it up into smaller, easier to read words?  What about using the pictures?  Your reading ability should be the last strategy you turn to, when it becomes clear that she can’t figure out the word on her own.

2. Choosing books that  are too difficult or too easy

Kids need to read just-right books.  It is fine if you want to read a more difficult book to your child, as long as he understands the meaning.  This can greatly aid in reading comprehension.  However, if you want your child to read to you, make sure that he can read most of the words – if he struggles with over 5 words on a page, it is too difficult.  Go back and choose a different book. When your child has to struggle with more than 5 words on a page, he will begin to think of reading as just that – a struggle.

3. Not discussing the book

As you read, ask your child a lot of questions.  What does she predict will happen next?  How does she infer the character is feeling?  What was her favorite part?  It is easy to skip the discussion so that you can get on with the story, but in doing so, you are missing many opportunities to help your child think about her reading.  Also, when she is well-versed in discussing books with you, she’ll be that much more comfortable doing so in school.

4. Reading for less than 20 minutes

In order for your child to progress in his reading, he needs to read A LOT.  Less than 20 minutes a day is just not enough time to improve his reading skills.  Sure, he is reading in school as well, but his teacher is probably only listening to him read for 5-10 minutes a day at the most.  The rest of the time, he is most likely reading independently, without an adult to guide him through and help him improve his skills.  Make sure that you fit in at least 20 minutes of reading a day.  If your child struggles to focus for that long, break it up into shorter chunks of time.  But make sure to hit that 20 minute mark.  And, honestly, 30 minutes is preferable.

5. Only reading fiction or non-fiction books

Making sense of fiction and non-fiction books requires different thinking skills.  If you only read stories, you are missing out on helping your child understand non-fiction.  If you only read non-fiction, you are losing the opportunity to explore features such as character development and plot.  Read a bit of both.  In addition to helping your child develop his reading skills, you will also expand his  knowledge and interests.

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How to motivate your children to read

1. Show your children that you love reading. Read with them, read in front of them, talk about the books you are reading! When they see that you are a reader, they will want to be readers too.

2. Read books aloud to your child. If you can, give the characters voices. Talk about the book and ask what your child thinks will happen next. If your child enjoys acting, have him or her act out a scene from the book. If your child likes drawing, see if he or she would like to draw a picture of the setting in the book. Make it come alive!

3. Take them to bookstores or Scholastic Book Fairs. There is nothing more exciting than opening a brand new, shiny book straight off the shelf.

4. Help your children choose books that are just right for them. Kids don’t like reading when they can’t read a book or when it is too easy. A good way to determine if a book is just right is by counting the first 100 words. If your child struggles with more than 5 of them, the book is too difficult. If your child whips through it with no problem at all, it is probably too easy. A just right book is also one that interests your child. I think about it this way – if I’m at a Thai restaurant and I order a dish that is too spicy, I can’t eat it. If I order a dish that isn’t spicy at all, I won’t like it. It has to be just spicy enough that I enjoy it. But if it’s a dish I don’t like, the spice doesn’t matter, I won’t enjoy it no matter what!

5. Find new vocabulary words in your child’s books. Buy sentence strips or notecards and magnetic tape from Office Depot. Have your child write the words and then draw pictures next to them showing the meanings of the words. Then put them on your refrigerator. Practice using them everyday. Kids love learning and using new words. It helps them feel that they’ve mastered something new.

6. Give specific praise and feedback when your child reads a new difficult (but still just-right) book. Don’t say “Great job,” instead, say something like, “I noticed you reread that word until you got it right! You are really thinking about your reading!”

7. Show your child that reading is everywhere. Stop to read street signs and billboards. Have your child read the back of cereal boxes. Read kid-appropriate blogs and websites (because after all, nothing excites kids more than electronics).

8. If your child expresses interest in a topic, suggest that he or she look up information about it online and check out books about it from the library. Find newspaper articles on the topic and read them to your child. Show your child that reading can open doors to new and exciting learning!

9. Have conversations about reading. Ask your child why he or she thinks reading is important. Share why you think it is important to read as well.

10. Make reading a positive, daily ritual. Sit down with your family and read quietly side by side. Then share about the new facts you’ve learned, the new places you’ve discovered, and the new adventures you’ve been on.

Download the PDF: 10 Great Ways to Motivate Your Child to Read

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Questions to Ask Your Kids About Their Reading

1. Can you tell me the main idea of this section?

Finding the main idea in text is a huge focus of testing, and an essential skill for good readers.  Every book, every article, every website has a main idea and supporting details.  If you practice doing this frequently, your child will be vastly better prepared to do well in school and to understand his or her reading. Your child’s response to this question will also help you see if she needs to go back and reread to gain a better understanding.

2. What do you think will happen next?

When a child  can make a reasonable prediction about a story, it is a clear indication that he has understood the reading and is also able to extend his thinking. Also, kids love guessing what will happen next in a story, and when they are correct, they get really excited.  This is a great way to get your child thinking deeply about the reading and enjoying it more at the same time!

3. What are you wondering about?

Questioning is a huge part of building reading comprehension.  When kids are encouraged to wonder about their reading, they begin to see that they can have a relationship with the text.  Have them write questions on sticky notes and refer back to them to see if they are answered later in the text.  If their questions aren’t answered, look them up online.  Ideally, this will also lead kids to develop strong interests and increase their motivation to learn and read.

4. What experience/book/idea does this remind you of?

In school, kids are asked to make text-to-self, text-to-text and text-to-world connections with their reading.  Do the same at home.  We learn by connecting our previous knowledge to new concepts and ideas.  By helping kids make explicit connections with their reading, you are actively helping them access their background knowledge.  They also become more attached to and interested in their reading when they realize it connects to their lives and experiences.

5. Were there any words in this section you didn’t understand?

Reading provides a constant opportunity for vocabulary building.  Have your child identify a few words in her reading she doesn’t know.  First have her attempt to define the words by looking at the surrounding words, or by learning prefixes, suffixes and root words. If this fails, have her find the word in a children’s dictionary. Then make an effort to use the new vocabulary on a frequent basis.  Write them on note cards, have your child add an illustration, slap on a bit pf magnetic tape, and put them on the fridge.  Then, encourage her to spell them and use them in conversation.   This will not only help her to understand more complex books, but also give her additional vocabulary to use in her writing as well.

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5 inexpensive supplies that will make learning more fun

1. Whiteboards and whiteboard markers

Somehow, using these can transform any learning activity that involves writing, i.e. math and spelling, into an exciting time.  Buy these at any office supply store, or visit Markerboard People for a huge variety of boards and inexpensive markers.

2. A timer

Most kids like being timed.  Whether you are timing them on knowing their math facts, reading a poem, or spelling a word, adding the element of speed will make learning activities feel more like games.

3. Smelly markers

Smelly markers, the thick, colorful scented markers that come in a blue box, can do a lot to help kids have fun with learning.  Use them to highlight printed reading passages, have kids grade their own math worksheets, create illustrated books, and more. Available at most grocery stores.

4. Magnetic tape and sticky putty

What could be more fun than sticking things to other things?  Not much.  Use magnetic tape to create word cards to put on your refrigerator to practice vocabulary and spelling words.  Stick your child’s writing to the wall with a hunk of sticky putty.  Most importantly, let the kids put the tape or putty on and affix things to the fridge or wall.  Attaching their work to the wall makes it feel special, and if they get to do it, all the better. Purchase these at Home Depot or most office supply stores.

5. Letter and number tiles and magnets

These are great for practicing spelling and math.  Anytime you can switch things up and practice them in a different way, do it.  Instead of having your kids write their spelling words, have them create them with tiles.  Writing math problems out can feel boring and repetitive for kids, but when you put tiles or magnets into the mix, it suddenly feels new and exciting. Use tiles from a Scrabble set, or purchase these at a learning supply store or online.

 

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